BPF是Linux内核中的一种虚拟机,可以用于过滤和修改传入的数据包。以下是一个使用BPF的示例程序:tc_demo.c,它演示了如何使用BPF来过滤和修改传入的数据包。
BPF简介
BPF(Berkeley Packet Filter)是一种内核技术,它允许开发者在内核中编写程序,以便对网络数据包进行过滤、分析和修改,BPF技术在Linux内核中得到了广泛应用,网络监控、安全审计、负载均衡等,本文将介绍如何在Linux中使用BPF增强SSH会话的安全审计。
SSH安全审计的重要性
SSH(Secure Shell)是一种加密的网络传输协议,用于在不安全的网络环境中保护数据的安全,随着网络攻击手段的不断升级,SSH协议也可能面临一定的安全隐患,对SSH会话进行安全审计是非常重要的,可以帮助我们发现潜在的安全问题,提高系统的安全性。
使用BPF增强SSH会话的安全审计
1、安装BPF工具链
在开始使用BPF之前,我们需要安装BPF工具链,在Ubuntu系统中,可以通过以下命令安装:
sudo apt-get install bpfcc-tools libbpf-dev
2、编写BPF程序
接下来,我们需要编写一个BPF程序来实现SSH会话的安全审计,创建一个名为ssh_audit.c
的文件,并添加以下内容:
include <uapi/linux/ptrace.h> include <linux/sched.h> include <bcc/proto.h> BPF_HASH(start, u32); BPF_PERF_OUTPUT(events); int count = 0; int start_ssh_session(struct pt_regs *ctx) { u32 pid = bpf_get_current_pid_tgid(); u64 ts = bpf_ktime_get_ns(); start.update(&pid, &ts); return 0; } int end_ssh_session(struct pt_regs *ctx) { u32 pid = bpf_get_current_pid_tgid(); u64 *tsp, delta; tsp = start.lookup(&pid); if (tsp == 0) { return 0; // not a SSH session for this process } else { delta = bpf_ktime_get_ns() *tsp; events.perf_submit(delta, sizeof(delta)); start.delete(&pid); count++; } return 0; }
这个程序定义了两个BPF函数:start_ssh_session
和end_ssh_session
。start_ssh_session
函数在SSH会话开始时被调用,记录当前进程ID和时间戳。end_ssh_session
函数在SSH会话结束时被调用,计算会话持续时间,并将结果提交给BPF性能统计器。
3、将BPF程序加载到内核中
为了使BPF程序生效,我们需要将其加载到Linux内核中,可以使用以下命令将ssh_audit.c
编译为.o
文件:
clang -O2 -emit-llvm -c ssh_audit.c -o ssh_audit.bc
使用bcc
工具将.o
文件加载到内核中:
sudo bcc ssh_audit.bc --out-file ssh_audit.ko --objdump-file ssh_audit.map --load-dict ssh_audit.dicts --syscalls --output ssh_audit.log --tracer-base=1000000000000000 --tracer-max=1000000000000000 --relocation-model pic --debug-info=false --register-params=false --no-pie --seccomp-mode=unconfined --target=x86_64-pc-linux-gnu --signed-bits=64 --arch=bpfcc-linux-user && sudo chmod +x ssh_audit.ko && sudo sudo kmod load ssh_audit.ko && sudo ulimit -c unlimited && sudo pkill -SIGSTOP tracee && sudo sudo pkill -SIGCONT tracee && sudo sudo pkill tracee && sudo sudo cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/power/pstate_* | grep '^P' | sort | uniq | tail -n +5 >> ssh_audit.log && sudo cat ssh_audit.log | grep '^[0-9]' | sort | uniq | tail -n +5 >> ssh_audit.log && sudo cat ssh_audit.log | grep '^[a-zA-Z]' | sort | uniq | tail -n +5 >> ssh_audit.log && sudo cat ssh_audit.log | grep '^[@%$&*+=<>]' | sort | uniq | tail -n +5 >> ssh_audit.log && sudo cat ssh_audit.log | grep '^[!?|]' | sort | uniq | tail -n +5 >> ssh_audit.log && sudo cat ssh_audit.log | grep '^[{}]' | sort | uniq | tail -n +5 >> ssh_audit.log && sudo cat ssh_audit.log | grep '^[[:space:]]' | sort | uniq > ssh_audit.txt && sudo chmod +r ssh_audit.txt && sudo umount $(df --local -k | tail -1 | cut -d ' ' -f 1) && sudo exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to load BPF module" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to run BPF program" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to collect performance data" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to generate output file" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to execute command" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to load kernel module" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to unload kernel module" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to create log file" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to write log file" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to close log file" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to terminate tracee process" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to stop tracee process" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to start tracee process with PTRACE syscall" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to load BPF program into kernel space" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to attach event counters to tracee process" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to start tracing with PTRACE syscall" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to start tracing with KPROBE syscall" & exit $count" & sleep $count & wait $count || echo "Failed to start tracing with KRETPROBE syscall" & exit $score" & sleep $score" & wait $score || echo "Failed to start tracing with KRETPROBE syscall with ret value of zero" & exit $(($score+1))"& sleep $(($score+1))& wait $(($score+1)))|| echo "Failed to execute command with ret value of zero" >&2 && exit $(($score+1))"; exec bash; exit; make clean; make; sudo insmod ssh_audit.ko; sudo umount $(df --local -k | tail -1 | cut -d ' ' -f 1) && sudo killall tracee && sudo killall ptracedcmd >&2 && exit $(($score+1))); exec bash; exit; make clean; make; sudo insmod ssh_audit.ko; sudo umount $(df --local -k | tail -1 | cut -d ' ' -f 1) && sudo killall tracee && sudo killall ptracedcmd >&2 && exit $(($score+1)); exec bash; exit; make clean; make; sudo insmod ssh_audit.ko; sudo umount $(df --local -k | tail -
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